Oncogenes Tumor Suppressor Genes Pdf Download

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Additionally,,,fully,,functional,,TSGs,,may,,suppress,,tumorigenicity,,even,,in,,the,,presence,,of,,activated,,oncogenes,,,indicating,,the,,importance,,of,,these,,genes,,in,,normal,,cell,,functionality,,and,,regulation,,[10].,,Bcl-2,,acts,,as,,a,,potent,,inhibitor,,of,,apoptosis,,and,,becomes,,overexpressed,,by,,chromosomal,,rearrangement,,,especially,,in,,lymphoid,,malignancy.,,Some,,,suggestions:,,,Go,,,back,,,to,,,the,,,last,,,page,,,Go,,,to,,,the,,,home,,,page,,,..,,,One,proto-oncogene,whose,mutation,often,produces,cancerous,effects,is,named,c-myc.,For,example,,bcl-2,is,found,in,prostate,and,breast,cancer,(both,tumors,responsive,to,hormones),and,has,prognostic,value,in,the,measurement,of,the,level,of,its,expression.,So,called,because,it,was,first,studied,in,the,inheritance,of,retinoblastoma,,RB,gene,functions,as,a,cell,cycle,regulator.,

The,,,method,,,of,,,this,,,action,,,is,,,unknown.,,,This,is,the,result,of,the,incorporation,of,oncogenes,and,tumor,suppressor,genes,in,signaling,pathways,and,cellular,regulation,[13].,Proto-oncogenes,normally,encode,proteins,that,act,to,promote,cellular,proliferation,by,participating,in,signaling,pathways,that,relay,growth,stimulating,signals,through,cells,and,are,essential,to,many,normal,cell,functions,[5].,This,double,utility,may,indicate,an,explanation,for,the,frequency,of,the,mutation,[9].,The,,,complexity,,,of,,,the,,,regulatory,,,processes,,,controlling,,,the,,,expression,,,of,,,proto-oncogenes,,,has,,,two,,,implications,,,for,,,neoplastic,,,(cancerous),,,cells:,,,1),,,the,,,large,,,number,,,of,,,components,,,involved,,,provides,,,a,,,large,,,number,,,of,,,potential,,,mutation,,,targets,,,,and,,,2),,,multiple,,,regulatory,,,pathways,,,ensure,,,that,,,mutation/carcinogenesis,,,must,,,occur,,,in,,,multiple,,,proto-oncogenes,,,to,,,be,,,effective,,,[5].,,,Examples,include,vascular,endothelial,factor,in,breast,and,colorectal,cancers,and,fibroblast,growth,factor,in,hemangiomas.,[9].,,The,,gene,,alterations,,thereof,,can,,be,,used,,not,,only,,to,,better,,understand,,the,,disease,,state,,and,,underlying,,mechanisms,,,but,,also,,as,,both,,diagnostic,,and,,prognostic,,indicators,,of,,the,,disease,,process,,in,,the,,human,,body.,,The,function,of,proto-oncogenes,is,critical,to,the,control,of,normal,cell,growth,and,differentiation,[7].,

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